HURRICANE AWARENESS

 

Hurricanes can be dangerous, generating high winds, torrential rain and tornadoes and causing death, injury and costly property damage.  It is never too late to begin preparing for the Atlantic hurricane season, which runs for six months, from June 1 through November 30.  Be prepared now and learn what to do before a hurricane strikes, how to stay safe during the event, and where to find help when you need it.

 

WHAT IS A HURRICANE?

A hurricane is a type of tropical cyclone, the general term for all circulating weather systems (counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere) over tropical waters.

Tropical cyclones are classified as follows:

Tropical Disturbance
A moving area of thunderstorms in the Tropics that maintains its identity for 24 hours or more; a common phenomenon in the tropics

Tropical Depression
An organized system of clouds and thunderstorms with a defined circulation and maximum sustained winds of 38 mph (33 knots) or less

Tropical Storm
An organized system of strong thunderstorms with a defined circulation and maximum sustained winds of 39 to 73 mph (34-63 knots)

Hurricane
An intense tropical weather system with a well-defined circulation and maximum sustained winds of 74 mph (64 knots) or higher.  In the western Pacific, hurricanes are called "typhoons"; similar storms in the Indian Ocean are called "cyclones."  

Hurricanes are products of the Tropical Ocean and the atmosphere.  Powered by heat from the sea, hurricanes are steered by the easterly trade winds and the temperate westerlies as well as by their own ferocious energy.  Around their core, winds grow with great velocity, generating violent seas.  Moving ashore, hurricanes sweep the ocean inward, spawning tornadoes and producing torrential rains and floods.

Each year on average, 10 tropical storms (of which six become hurricanes) develop over the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, or Gulf of Mexico.  Many of these remain over the ocean.  However, about five hurricanes strike the United States coastline every three years.  Of these five, two will usually be major hurricanes (category 3 or greater on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale).
 

TERMS TO KNOW

Gale Warning
This warning may be issued when winds of 39-54 miles per hour (34-47 knots) are expected.

Storm Warning
This warning may be issued when winds of 55-73 miles per hour (48-63 knots) are expected.  If a hurricane is expected to strike a coastal area, gale or storm warnings will not usually precede hurricane warnings.

Hurricane Watch
A Hurricane Watch is issued for a coastal area when there is a threat of hurricane conditions within 24-36 hours.

Hurricane Warning
A Hurricane Warning is issued when hurricane conditions are expected in a specified coastal area in 24 hours or less.  Hurricane conditions include winds of 74 miles per hour (64 knots) and/or dangerously high tides and waves.  Actions for protection of life and property should begin immediately when the warning is issued.

Flash Flood Watch
This means a flash flood is possible in the area; stay alert.

Flash Flood Warning
This means a flash flood is imminent; take immediate action.

Small Craft Cautionary Statements
When a tropical cyclone threatens a coastal area, small craft operators are advised to remain in port or not to venture into the open sea.

Tornado Warning
Tornadoes spawned by hurricanes sometimes produce severe damage and casualties.  If a tornado is reported in your area, a warning will be issued.

 

WHAT ARE THE MAIN THREATS FROM A HURRICANE WHEN IT APPROACHES?

Storm Surge

This is the greatest hurricane threat to life and property, and it can be devastating. Storm surge is a large dome of water often 50 to 100 miles wide that sweeps across the coastline near where a hurricane makes landfall. The stronger the hurricane and the shallower the offshore water, the higher the storm surge will be.

Storm Tide

The storm tide is the combination of the storm surge and the normal astronomical tide. For example, a normal tide of 2 feet added to a 12 foot storm surge results in a 14 foot storm tide. The "worst-case scenario" for an approaching hurricane is for the storm surge to arrive around high astronomical tide. This mound of water, topped by battering waves, moves ashore along an area of the coastline as much as 100 miles wide. The combination of storm surge, battering waves, and high winds can be devastating and deadly.

Winds and Squalls

A squall is a significant increase in the average or sustained wind speed which will usually be observed with a convective line of showers and thunderstorms. Hurricane force winds can destroy poorly constructed buildings and mobile homes. Debris, such as roofing material, traffic signs, aluminum siding, and small outdoor items can become flying missiles. Remember, a hurricane with winds of 150 mph has four times the energy of a hurricane with winds of 75 mph.

Heavy Rain and Flooding

Heavy rain and flooding is a threat to inland areas as well as coastal communities. Rainfall in excess of 6 inches is likely in many hurricanes, and can produce deadly and devastating floods.

Tornadoes

These tornadoes most often occur in thunderstorms embedded in rain bands well away from the center of the hurricane, but can also occur just outside the center of the hurricane.

 

HURRICANE SCALE

All Hurricanes are dangerous, but some are more so than others.  The way storm surge, wind and other factors combine determines the destructive power of a hurricane.  To make comparisons easier and to make the predicted hazards of approaching hurricanes clearer to emergency forces, hurricane forecasters at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration use a disaster-potential scale which assigns storms to five (5) categories.  The Saffir-Simpson Scale can be used to give an estimate of the potential property damage and flooding expected along the coast as a result of hurricane activity.

 

Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale

Category

Wind Speed

Effects

One

74 - 95 mph

No real damage to building structures.  Damage primarily to unanchored mobile homes, shrubbery, and trees.  Also, some coastal road flooding and minor pier damage.

Two

96 - 110 mph

Some roofing material, door, and window damage to buildings.  Considerable damage to vegetation, mobile homes, and piers.  Coastal and low-lying escape routes flood 2-4 hours before arrival of center.  Small craft in unprotected anchorages break moorings.

Three

111 - 130 mph

Some structural damage to small residences and utility buildings with a minor amount of curtain wall failures.  Mobile homes are destroyed.  Flooding near the coast destroys smaller structures with larger structures damaged by floating debris.  Terrain continuously lower than 5 feet above sea level (ASL) may be flooded inland 8 miles or more.

Four

131 - 155 mph

More extensive curtain wall failures with some complete roof structure failure on small residences.  Major erosion of beach.  Major damage to lower floors of structures near the shore.  Terrain that is continuously lower than 10 feet ASL may be flooded requiring massive evacuation of residential areas inland as far as 6 miles.

Five

155 mph - ?

Complete roof failure on many residences and industrial buildings.  Some complete building failures with small utility buildings blown over or away.  Major damage to lower floors of all structures located less than 15 feet ASL and within 500 yards of the shoreline.  Massive evacuation of residential areas on low ground within 5 to 10 miles of the shoreline may be required.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Weather Service

 

BE PREPARED

  • Have a plan for you and your family.

  • Know the hurricane risks in your area – learn the storm surge history and elevation of your area.

  • Learn about local sheltering plans, including the location of official shelters.

  • Ensure that enough non-perishable food and water supplies are on hand.

  • Have at least a one-week supply of medications on hand.

  • Obtain and store materials, such as plywood, necessary to properly secure your home.

  • Clear loose and clogged rain gutters and downspouts.

  • Keep trees and shrubbery trimmed of dead wood.

  • Review your insurance policy.

  • Determine where to move your boat in an emergency.

  • Make plans now on what to do with your pets should you be required to evacuate your residence.

  • Individuals with special needs or others requiring more information should contact the Town's Emergency Management Office.

EMERGENCY SUPPLY KIT

  • Keep flashlights with extra, fresh batteries and keep them beside your bed and in several other locations.  Do not use matches.

  • Portable radio with extra batteries.  Most telephones will be out of order or limited to emergency use.  The radio, including NOAA Weather Radio, will be the best source of emergency information.

  • First aid kit / first aid skills.  Keep a first-aid kit well stocked and in a central location.

  • Take basic first-aid and CPR courses.  Keep your skills current.

  • Your fire extinguisher should be suitable for all types of fires and should be easily accessible.  Teach all family members how to use it.

  • Store a three-day supply of food for each person.  Items such as canned or dehydrated food, powdered milk and canned juices can be rotated into your daily diet and replenished on a regular basis.  Include food for infants or the elderly, snack foods and items such as a non-electric can opener, cooking utensils, paper/plastic plates and plastic utensils.

  • Store a 3-day supply of water (one gallon per person per day).  Store in air-tight containers and replace them every six months.  Keep a disinfectant, such as iodine tablets or chlorine bleach, to purify water, if necessary.

  • Extra blankets and clothing may be required to keep warm.  Sturdy shoes protect feet from broken glass and debris.

  • Alternate cooking source.  Store barbecue, charcoal, starter and matches in case utilities are out of service.  Do not use these methods of cooking within a confined area.

  • Special items for infant, elderly, or disabled family members.  Have at least a one week supply of medications and foods for infants and those on special diets.

  • Tools.  Have a crescent or pipe wrench to turn off gas and water if necessary and know the location of the shut-off valves.

  • Important documents should be stored in a waterproof container.  Examples: insurance policies, medical records, bank account numbers, Social Security card, etc.  Also, checkbook, cash, credit cards, ATM cards.

HAVE A PLAN

  • Contact your local National Weather Service office or Emergency Management office to learn what types of disasters could occur and how you should respond.

  • Learn the warning signals and evacuation plans of your community.

  • Know your community’s sheltering plans.

  • Know the Emergency Alert System radio and television stations in your area that will carry official information.  Also, monitor NOAA Weather Radio broadcasts, if possible.

  • Discuss with family members what they should do in the event of a disaster, such as a hurricane or severe storm.  Pick two places to meet: a spot outside your home for an emergency, such as a fire, and a place away from your neighborhood in case you cannot return home.

  • Designate an out-of-area friend or relative whom separated family members should call to report their whereabouts.  Make certain all family members have the phone number.

  • Make a plan now for what to do with your pets if you need to evacuate.

  • Check your home and property for potential hazards to see what actions need to be taken to ensure your safety and to protect your belongings.

  • Check your insurance coverage.  Flood damage is not usually covered by homeowners insurance.  Inventory household items with photographs.

  • Install safety features in your residence such as smoke detectors and fire extinguishers.

  • Know how and when to turn off water, gas and electricity in your home.

  • Determine if your family has any special needs and develop a plan for meeting those needs.  For example: If you have a family member on a life-support system, does your electric utility know about it?

  • Post emergency telephone numbers by phones.

  • Teach all family members, including children, how and when to call 911 or your local EMS phone number.

UNDERSTAND THE WARNINGS

 

“HURRICANE WATCH”
A Hurricane Watch means that hurricane conditions MAY threaten an area within 24-36 hours.  When a Hurricane Watch is issued, everyone in that area should listen for further advisories and be prepared to act promptly:

  • Frequently listen to your radio, television or NOAA Weather Radio for official bulletins on the progress of the storm.

  • Fuel and service family vehicles.  Service stations may be unable to pump fuel because of flooding or loss of electrical service.

  • Moor small craft or move to safe shelter.

  • Inspect and secure mobile home tie downs.

  • Tape, board or shutter all window and door openings.  Wedge sliding glass doors to prevent lifting from their tracks.

  • Check for batteries, flashlights and battery-operated radios.

  • Check on your supply of canned food, first aid supplies, drinking water and medications.

  • Secure or bring inside lawn furniture and other loose, lightweight objects, such as garbage cans and garden tools that could become a projectile in high winds.

  • Have on hand an extra supply of cash.

“HURRICANE WARNING”
A hurricane WARNING is issued when hurricane conditions are expected in a specified coastal area in 24 hours or less.  Hurricane conditions include winds of 74 miles an hour (64 knots) and/or dangerously high tides and waves.  Actions for protection of life and property should begin immediately when the warning is issued, including:

  • Frequently listen to your radio, television or NOAA Weather Radio for official bulletins on the progress of the storm.

  • Complete preparation activities such as putting up storm shutters, storing loose objects, etc.  Move valuables to upper floors.

  • Store drinking water in clean jugs, bottles and cooking utensils.  The water system in your town could become contaminated or damaged by the storm.

  • Check your battery-powered equipment.  Your radio may be your only link with the outside world.  Emergency cooking facilities and flashlights will be essential if utility services are interrupted.

  • Follow instructions issued by local authorities.  Leave IMMEDIATELY if told to do so.

  • Leave low-lying areas that may be swept by high tides or storm waves.

  • If you plan to leave your home, leave early (if possible, in daylight) to avoid the last-minute rush that could leave you stranded.  Stay with friends or relatives, at a low-rise inland hotel/motel, or go to a pre-designated public shelter outside a flood zone.

  • In any case, leave mobile homes for more substantial shelter.

  • Notify neighbors and a family member outside of the warned area of your evacuation plans.

  • Put food and water out for a pet if you cannot take it with you.  Public health regulations do not allow pets in public shelters, nor do most hotels/motels allow them.

WHAT CAN BE EXPECTED WHEN A HURRICANE IMPACTS AN AREA?

The first precursor of a incoming hurricane is the pre-hurricane squall line. The line resembles a line of showers and thunderstorms along a mid latitude cold front. Gusty winds accompany the showers and thunderstorms. The line is usually 100 to 200 miles ahead of the eye, but can be as much as 500 miles ahead of the eye in very large hurricanes.
The next part of a hurricane to affect the area are the outer convective bands. The typical hurricane has two or three of these bands (occasionally more in large hurricanes) which are comprised of cells resembling ordinary thunderstorms. These bands are in advance of the main rain shield. Wind gusts are higher in these bands than in the pre-hurricane squall line.
The rain shield is a solid or nearly solid area of rain that typically becomes heavier as the eye wall approaches. The wind, both sustained and peak gusts, keeps increasing as you move through the rain shield toward the storm's center or eye.
Another portion of the hurricane are the convective rings and bands. Also called spiral bands, when these pass through a location, the wind speed increases by as much as 50%, accompanied by a significant increase in the rainfall rate. When tornadoes and downbursts occur, they are likely to come from convective rings and bands.
Between convective bands, an area of stratiform rings and bands exist. Very light (if any) rain usually occurs while this area of the hurricane passes.
The eye wall will precede the hurricane's center. The eye wall is an organized band of convection that immediately surrounds the center. The fiercest winds and most intense rainfall typically occur near the eye wall.
Finally, the center of the hurricane or eye will pass over the area. The eye is usually a relatively calm center in the hurricane. The winds are light, the skies are partly cloudy or even clear and rain-free. The diameter of the eye can be as small as 5 miles or as large as 100 miles, averaging about 20 miles.

WEATHERING THE STORM

As a major hurricane, or weather event, approaches, it is vitally important to listen to weather advisories and to be prepared to take action.  Modern weather forecasting provides the opportunity to prepare for a major hurricane days in advance.

Follow these tips as the hurricane / coastal storm approaches:

  • If you are traveling, find safe shelter immediately.

  • If you are at home or at work:

  • Only stay in a home if you have NOT been ordered to leave.  Stay inside a well constructed building.

  • In structures, such as a home, examine the building and plan in advance what you will do if winds become strong.  Strong winds can produce deadly missiles and structural failure.

  • Turn refrigerator to maximum cold and open only when necessary.

  • Turn off utilities if told to do so by authorities.

  • Turn off propane tanks.

  • Unplug major appliances.

  • Fill large containers with water.

  • If winds become strong:

  • Stay away from windows and doors even if they are covered.  Take refuge in a small interior room, closet or hallway.

  • Close all interior doors.  Secure and brace external doors.

  • If you are in a two-story house, go to an interior first-floor room, such as a bathroom or closet.

  • If you are in a multiple-story building and away from the water, go to the first or second floors and take refuge in the halls or other interior rooms away from the windows.

  • Lie on the floor under a table or another sturdy object.

  • Remain indoors during the hurricane.  Do not be fooled by the "eye" or the lull that occurs as the storm center moves overhead.  The other side of the hurricane "eye" has winds that will rapidly increase and will come from the opposite direction.

EVACUATION

  • If an EVACUATION is ordered by local government officials – do so!  The temptation to "tough it out" can put lives at risk - yours and the personnel who may be sent on an otherwise avoidable rescue mission.

  • Follow the instructions and advice of local government officials.  If you are advised to evacuate, do so promptly.  If you are advised to go to a certain location, go there.  Do not go anywhere else.

  • If certain travel routes are advised, use those routes rather than trying to find short cuts.  If you are told to shut off water, gas or electrical service to your home before leaving, do so.  Also, find out from the broadcast reports where emergency housing and feeding stations are located, in case you need to use them.

  • Leave as soon as officials instruct that you do to avoid being marooned on flooded highways.

  • Make certain you have enough fuel for your car.

  • As you travel, keep listening to the radio for additional instructions.

  • Watch for washed-out roads, earth slides, broken water or sewer mains, loose or downed electrical wires and falling or fallen objects.

  • Watch out for areas where rivers or streams may flood suddenly.

  • Do not try to cross a stream or pool of water unless you are certain that the water will not be over your knees, or above the middle of the wheels of your car, all the way across.  Sometimes the water will hide a bridge or part of a road that has been washed out.  If you do decide it is safe to cross, put your car in low gear and drive very slowly to avoid splashing water into your engine and causing it to stop.  Also, remember that your brakes may not work well after the car has been in deep water.  Try them out a few times when you reach the other side.

INLAND FLOODING

  • Learn your vulnerability to flooding by determining the elevation of your property.  Evaluate your insurance coverage; as construction grows around areas, floodplains change.  If you are in a flood area, consider what mitigation measure you can do in advance.

  • In high flood-prone areas, keep materials on hand like sandbags, plywood, plastic sheeting, plastic garbage bags, lumber, shovels, work boots and gloves.  Call your local emergency management office to learn how to construct proper protective measures around your home.

  • Be aware of streams, drainage channels and areas known to flood, so you or your evacuation routes are not cut off.  If you choose or are told to evacuate, move to a safe area before access is cut off by flood water.

  • Monitor local radio / television broadcasts or NOAA Weather Radio.

  • Avoid driving into water of unknown depth.  Moving water can quickly sweep your vehicle away.

  • Restrict children from playing in flooded areas.

  • Test drinking water for potability; wells should be pumped out and the water tested before drinking.

  • Do not use fresh food that has come in contact with floodwaters.  Wash canned goods that come in contact with floodwaters with soap and hot water.

  • Stay away from downed power lines.

AFTER THE STORM

  • Remain where you have taken shelter until informed by local authorities that it is safe to leave.

  • Keep the radio/television turned on for advice and instructions from local government on where to go for medical care, emergency assistance for housing, clothing and food, as well as other ways in which you can help your family and community recover.

  • If possible, advise relatives and friends that you are safe.

  • Stay out of the disaster area.  Do not sightsee.  Sightseeing disrupts essential rescue work and may be dangerous.

  • Obey all curfew and emergency orders which are issued.

  • If you must drive, use caution.  Be aware of road and bridge washouts and storm debris on roadways.

  • Avoid loose or dangling wires and report them immediately to the proper authorities.  Assume that all downed wires are alive with electricity.

  • Report broken sewer or water mains and downed electrical lines.

  • Take extra precautions to prevent fire.  Lowered pressure in water mains may make firefighting extremely difficult.

  • Check for gas leaks.  Use a flashlight to inspect for damage.  Do not use candles and other open flames indoors.

  • Have your electric, gas and water connections checked by professionals before turning them back on.

  • Use your emergency supply of water or boil water before using until there is official word that the water is safe.

  • Check refrigerated food for spoilage if the power has been off during the

Return to Top

Office of Emergency Management

 

Source

New York State Emergency Management Office Fire Safety